Professor Lloyd Baiyegunhi.AgriTalks: Conversations that Cultivate
UKZNdabaOnline journalist Raylene Captain Hasthibeer interviewed Professor Lloyd Baiyegunhi, an academic whose work in agricultural economics is grounded in creating sustainable solutions to pressing challenges in agriculture and food security. Baiyegunhi, who holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics and an MBA, has blended his passion for agricultural development and a desire to apply economic principles to solve real-world challenges while passing on the lessons he has learnt to emerging researchers in the field.
Q: Why is the conversation about agricultural economics important?
A: Because it addresses the fundamental challenge of how we produce enough food sustainably to meet the demands of a growing global population. Agricultural economics explores the efficiency and viability of different farming systems, helping us understand how to allocate resources like land, water, and labour in ways that maximise both productivity and sustainability. This field isn’t just about the economics of farming; it’s about understanding how policies, market forces, and environmental changes impact food availability, affordability, and nutritional quality worldwide.
Agricultural economics is also critical for tackling pressing issues like climate change, rural poverty, and food insecurity. Climate change is already disrupting traditional agricultural systems, leading to unpredictable yields and threatening food supplies. Agricultural economics provides insights into how we can adapt through practices such as climate-smart agriculture, resource conservation, and technological innovation. By making informed decisions about which crops to grow, how to use resources efficiently, and how to create resilient supply chains, agricultural economics plays a pivotal role in shaping a future where food systems can meet the needs of people and the planet.
Ultimately, the field has a real impact on both policymakers and communities, influencing decisions that directly affect food security, economic livelihoods, and environmental health. In this way, agricultural economics is crucial for building a resilient, equitable, and sustainable food system.
Q: Your research on climate change perceptions has revealed the impact climate change has on rice production in Nigeria. How do you think governments can improve the situation?
A: This research, conducted by one of my PhD students under my supervision, examines climate change perceptions among rice farmers in Nigeria. It highlights the significant challenges posed by climate variability to rice production, a staple crop crucial for food security in the region. We found that farmers are acutely aware of the changes in weather patterns, including irregular rainfall, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather events, all of which are impacting rice yields. These changes not only reduce productivity, but also increase the unpredictability of farming outcomes, making it harder for farmers to plan and invest in their fields with confidence.
Several factors contribute to these climate-related challenges. Firstly, the reliance on rain-fed agriculture in Nigeria leaves rice production vulnerable to any disruptions in rainfall patterns. Secondly, limited access to climate-resilient technologies and farming practices means that farmers are often unable to adapt to these changes effectively. Issues such as inadequate irrigation infrastructure, limited access to drought-resistant rice varieties, and insufficient knowledge of adaptive practices further compound the problem. Lastly, socio-economic constraints like low income, limited access to credit, and fluctuating market prices make it difficult for smallholder farmers to invest in the necessary adaptations.
Governments can play a critical role in mitigating these challenges. One of the first steps is to improve access to reliable climate data and forecasting tools that can help farmers plan their activities around expected weather conditions. Investing in infrastructure, particularly irrigation systems, would reduce the dependency on rain-fed agriculture and allow for more stable rice production. Governments should also support agricultural research to develop and distribute climate-resilient rice varieties that can withstand drought, heat, and flooding.
Moreover, providing training programs on climate-smart agricultural practices and expanding access to financial resources, such as low-interest loans or crop insurance, can help farmers make adaptive investments. Collaborative efforts between government, research institutions, and local organisations are essential to ensure that policies are well-informed and responsive to farmers’ needs. By taking these steps, governments can help build a resilient agricultural sector that can adapt to climate challenges and continue to support food security and rural livelihoods.
Q: As a professor at UKZN, how do you balance your academic responsibilities with research in agricultural economics in South Africa and further afield (Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Rwanda, etc)? How has the UKZN environment fostered your research efforts?
A: This requires careful time management and a strong support system, both of which UKZN has provided in abundance. As a professor, I’m deeply committed to teaching and mentoring students, equipping them with a solid foundation in agricultural economics and preparing them to address real-world challenges. At the same time, my research projects in South Africa and beyond are essential for advancing knowledge and developing practical solutions to issues like food security, sustainable agriculture, and rural development.
UKZN’s environment has been incredibly supportive in fostering this balance. The University encourages cross-disciplinary collaboration, which allows me to work alongside colleagues from various fields, enhancing both my teaching and research. This collaborative culture has been vital when conducting research in other African countries, where understanding local contexts and establishing partnerships is crucial. Additionally, UKZN’s commitment to field-based research has enabled me to regularly engage with farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders across the continent, ensuring that my work remains relevant and impactful.
With the University’s support in terms of funding, research facilities, and flexible teaching arrangements, I can effectively manage my responsibilities. UKZN’s emphasis on applied research and real-world impact aligns perfectly with my goals, allowing me to contribute to both academic scholarship and tangible outcomes that benefit communities in South Africa and across Africa.
Q: Your work at UKZN plays a pivotal role in shaping the conversation around agricultural production economics and food security. Could you elaborate on your contributions to agricultural research and how the University has supported your work over the years?
A: My work at UKZN focuses on advancing agricultural production economics and food security, areas critical to sustainable development, especially in regions vulnerable to food insecurity. A primary focus has been researching ways to optimise resource use among smallholder farmers, who play a significant role in food production but often face resource constraints. Through my research, I’ve developed models that assess the economic viability of various farming practices, aiming to increase productivity while promoting sustainability. Additionally, I’ve conducted field studies on how climate change impacts crop yields and farming income, which has helped inform policy recommendations on resilience in agriculture.
UKZN has been instrumental in enabling this research. The University has provided access to interdisciplinary teams and resources that have allowed me to broaden the scope and impact of my work. Collaborative projects with the University’s Environmental Science and Economics departments have enriched my research, helping me tackle complex issues like climate-smart agriculture. Furthermore, UKZN’s funding support and access to advanced research tools and datasets have made it possible to conduct in-depth analyses and publish findings that reach both academic and policy-making communities. Through UKZN’s support, I’m able to not only contribute to academic knowledge but also offer practical solutions that can enhance food security and agricultural sustainability on a regional and global scale.
Q: Training the next generation of scientists is a key focus of your work. Through your contributions at UKZN, what strategies have you employed to ensure emerging researchers are well-prepared to tackle the challenges in agricultural economics?
A: Training the next generation of scientists is one of the most rewarding aspects of my work at UKZN. In preparing emerging researchers to tackle the challenges in agricultural economics, I focus on a combination of practical experience, interdisciplinary collaboration, and critical thinking skills. My teaching strategy emphasises real-world applications, where students engage in hands-on research projects that tackle current issues in agricultural economics, such as food security, resource management, and climate resilience. These projects often involve direct engagement with farming communities, policymakers, and agricultural businesses, giving students insights into the complexities of applying theoretical knowledge to practical challenges.
I also encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, which I believe is crucial for solving the multi-faceted issues in agricultural economics. Through partnerships with other departments, such as Environmental Science and Development Studies, students gain a broader perspective and are better equipped to work in diverse, cross-functional teams. This exposure helps them see how agricultural economics intersects with environmental sustainability, social policy, and rural development.
Furthermore, I place a strong emphasis on developing critical and analytical thinking skills. I work closely with my students to refine their research methodologies, data analysis techniques, and policy evaluation skills, which are essential for conducting high-quality research. By fostering a supportive environment where students feel comfortable to question assumptions and explore innovative ideas, I aim to cultivate not only knowledgeable researchers but also creative problem-solvers.
UKZN has been instrumental in supporting these efforts by providing access to research funding, resources, and collaborative networks that enrich the student learning experience. Together, we strive to equip our students with the skills, knowledge, and resilience needed to drive positive change in agricultural economics, both in South Africa and globally.
Q: Tell us about the most memorable highlights from your career and notable achievements?
A: Throughout my career, my contributions to agricultural economics have centred around advancing sustainable food production and improving food security, particularly in vulnerable regions. I have been fortunate to work on a variety of projects in the field of agricultural economics, each contributing uniquely to the understanding and improvement of agricultural systems. While it is challenging to select a single contribution, I would say that my work on the Impact of Outsourced Agricultural Extension Programs on Smallholder Farmers’ Net Farm Income in Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and Determinants of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and its Impact on the Net Farm Income of Rice Farmers in South-West Nigeria stand out as particularly meaningful.
The study on the outsourced agricultural extension programmes focused on evaluating how different delivery models of agricultural extension services affect the productivity and financial well-being of smallholder farmers. The results provided key insights into improving extension service models, which are critical to the success of smallholder farming, especially in rural communities like Msinga. This research is especially relevant in the context of South Africa’s agricultural policy, as it directly feeds into improving agricultural advisory services and rural development.
In my research on climate change adaptation strategies in Nigeria, I examined how rice farmers in the southwest region are responding to the challenges posed by climate change and how these adaptations affect their overall farm income. This work has contributed to the broader discourse on climate change adaptation in African agriculture, especially in light of the continent’s vulnerability to climate risks. The findings from this study have practical implications for both farmers and policymakers, guiding the development of strategies that will enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in the region.
Both of these studies have been a great source of pride because they tackle pressing issues that affect the livelihood of farmers in Africa, one of the most food-insecure regions globally. They highlight the importance of targeted, context-specific policies that can help farmers mitigate risks, adapt to changing climates, and ultimately, improve their economic outcomes.
By working directly with farming communities in South Africa, Nigeria, and other African countries, I’ve been able to translate research insights into practical recommendations, which has positively impacted both policy and community-based agricultural practices. By collaborating with research institutions and government agencies, I’ve helped design models that optimize resource allocation - such as water and fertilizer use - while minimising environmental impact. This work has not only contributed to academic knowledge but also provided policymakers and development agencies with strategies to support sustainable agriculture at scale.
In addition to my research, I’m deeply committed to training the next generation of agricultural economists. I’m particularly proud of the students I’ve mentored who have gone on to make impactful contributions in their own right, whether by pursuing advanced research or by working directly in policy-making and community development. Knowing that my work has inspired others to continue advancing solutions in agricultural economics is a source of great pride.
Lastly, the support from UKZN has been instrumental in these achievements. The University’s commitment to research, innovation, and community engagement has provided a strong foundation for my work, allowing me to build partnerships and access resources that have enhanced both my research and its impact on society.
Q: What advice do you have for young researchers starting out in this field?
My first piece of advice is to remain curious and open-minded. This field is both dynamic and complex, intersecting with environmental science, economics, sociology, and policy-making. Embrace an interdisciplinary approach - it will allow you to see the broader picture and make connections that lead to innovative solutions. Take the time to understand not just the economic models, but also the real-world implications of your research on farmers, communities, and ecosystems.
Secondly, field experience is invaluable. Spend as much time as possible engaging directly with the people and systems you’re studying. Agricultural economics is ultimately about understanding how people interact with resources and adapt to challenges. Observing these interactions first-hand can give you insights that go beyond what you find in academic literature and data sets. Be prepared to work with diverse stakeholders, from farmers and local organisations to policymakers, as their perspectives are crucial to developing impactful research.
Persistence is also key in this field. Many of the challenges we tackle, such as climate change impacts and food security, are complex and require long-term solutions. Research can sometimes be a slow process, but the work you’re doing is important. Focus on the big picture, and stay motivated by remembering the potential impact of your findings on improving food systems and supporting sustainable development.
Finally, seek mentors and build a strong network. Experienced researchers can offer invaluable guidance and help you navigate the challenges of research and publication. Collaborating with others - whether they’re from academia, industry, or governmental bodies - will enrich your perspective and expand the reach of your work. UKZN and other institutions often have resources and networks for emerging researchers; take advantage of these opportunities to learn and grow.
Agricultural economics is a field with tremendous potential to drive positive change. By approaching your research with curiosity, resilience, and collaboration, you’ll be well-prepared to make a meaningful impact.
Q: You hold numerous qualifications – including a PhD and an MBA. Tell us about your academic journey and what sparked your interest in pursuing your field of interest?
A: My academic journey has been a blend of passion for agricultural development and a desire to apply economic principles to solve real-world challenges. I began with a Bachelor’s degree in Agricultural Economics, which laid the foundation for my interest in how economics can impact food production and resource management. My undergraduate studies opened my eyes to the critical role agriculture plays not only in food security but also in economic development, particularly in Africa.
Driven by a desire to deepen my expertise, I pursued a Master’s degree in Agricultural Economics, where I specialised in resource economics and rural development. This advanced training equipped me with analytical skills and research methodologies, enabling me to conduct field studies and gain hands-on experience working with farming communities. These experiences strengthened my resolve to focus on sustainable agricultural practices and policies that support smallholder farmers.
I completed my PhD in Agricultural Economics, where my research centred on the impact of credit constraints on agricultural productivity and household welfare, particularly in the context of Africa. In my doctoral work, I explored how limited access to credit affects smallholder farmers’ ability to invest in essential agricultural inputs, adopt improved farming technologies, and ultimately enhance their productivity. This research also examined the broader implications of credit constraints on household welfare, with a specific focus on income generation and food security.
Through this study, I was able to highlight how credit limitations contribute to lower agricultural yields and, in turn, affect the economic stability and food security of farming households. My work further underscored that limited access to finance often leads to a cycle of poverty, where farmers are unable to make the necessary investments to improve productivity, perpetuating low-income levels and high food insecurity. These findings have significant policy implications, particularly in designing financial inclusion strategies for smallholder farmers in Africa, where access to formal credit is often constrained.
Finally, to broaden my perspective and gain strategic management skills, I then pursued an MBA. This qualification was instrumental in enhancing my understanding of the broader economic, business, and policy landscapes that influence agriculture. It taught me to view agricultural challenges through a multifaceted lens, considering not only the economic but also the managerial and logistical aspects of sustainable food systems.
My interest in agricultural economics was sparked early on, growing up in a community where farming was a way of life. I saw first-hand how changes in the environment and market fluctuations affected livelihoods, and I became passionate about finding solutions that could support farmers and foster resilience. Today, as a researcher and educator at UKZN, I’m grateful for the opportunity to apply my knowledge and experiences to train future agricultural economists and contribute to the field’s development.
Q: Tell us about yourself - where you were born, what do you do to unwind over the weekends and share a snapshot of your loved ones?
I was born and raised in Nigeria in the early 70s, where my deep appreciation for agriculture and rural development first took root. Growing up, I witnessed first-hand how closely communities rely on the land for their livelihood, which sparked my passion for addressing the challenges they face. Currently, I am in my 50s and feel incredibly privileged to have spent much of my career combining my passion for research with practical community engagement and teaching. Over the years, I’ve been able to work directly with rural communities, addressing the challenges they face while contributing to academic knowledge. This balance of hands-on experience and scholarly work has enriched my understanding of agricultural and rural development, which continues to drive my academic journey. This journey has allowed me to not only contribute to academic scholarship but also work directly with rural communities, fostering development through both research and applied knowledge. Outside of work, I enjoy spending weekends unwinding with family and friends. I’m a big fan of the outdoors and love taking hikes or visiting local nature reserves, which helps me clear my mind and reconnect with nature - something I find essential given the fast-paced nature of research and academia. I also enjoy reading, particularly historical fiction and biographies, which offer me a bit of escape and sometimes even fresh perspectives on the challenges I tackle in my work.
As for family life, I am married to my wonderful partner, Dr Omolara Baiyegunhi, and together we have a daughter, Eliana Tiaraoluwa. I am truly grateful to have such a supportive family. We cherish spending quality time together on weekends, making the most of those moments to bond and create lasting memories. I find that having a balance between work and family keeps me grounded and energised, and it’s incredibly rewarding to have a support system that understands and shares my commitment to making a difference in the field of agricultural economics.
Q: What are you currently reading?
A: Currently, I’m reading The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan. It’s a fascinating exploration of the food industry and how our choices impact both our health and the environment. As someone working in agricultural economics, I find it insightful to understand the broader implications of food production systems, especially in terms of sustainability and food security.
I’m also reading The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power by Daniel Yergin, which provides an in-depth history of the global oil industry. Although it’s not directly related to agriculture, I find it valuable to understand the interplay between energy, resources, and economic systems, especially in the context of agricultural production and rural development.
In addition to staying up to date with academic journals and papers in the field of agricultural economics and climate change - where new research and emerging trends are essential for guiding my own work - I also dedicate time to reading the Bible. It provides me with personal reflection and a sense of peace, which complements my professional life. Both these interests help me remain grounded and informed in my work, offering a balance of intellectual and spiritual enrichment.
Q: Is there anything else you would like to add?
A: I’d just like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the chance to contribute to the field of agricultural economics and to be part of an institution like UKZN that encourages research with real-world impact. It’s a privilege to work alongside brilliant colleagues and students who share a commitment to tackling some of the most pressing challenges in agriculture and food security.
I also want to emphasise that the work we do in agricultural economics, particularly in developing countries, has never been more critical. As we face challenges such as climate change, food insecurity, and rural poverty, I believe that collaborative research, innovation, and thoughtful policy will be the key to creating sustainable solutions. I’m excited to continue contributing to this field and to mentoring the next generation of leaders who will carry this work forward.
Finally, I want to thank the University for the opportunity to share a bit about my journey and the work I am passionate about. I look forward to seeing how our collective efforts can make a meaningful difference in the world.
Photograph: Supplied