.Academics Call for Amendments to the Patent Law in Response to COVID-19
The following letter, which was drafted by UKZN academics and signed by some 82 academics and researchers nationally, was sent to the President in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AN APPEAL TO PRESIDENT CYRIL RAMAPHOSA BY ACADEMICS, RESEARCHERS AND TEACHERS TO EXPEDITE THE AMENDMENTS TO THE PATENTS ACT 57 OF 1978, IN LINE WITH THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY POLICY PHASE I APPROVED BY CABINET IN MAY 2018.
18 May 2020
Dear Honourable President Ramaphosa,
We commend our government’s efforts in responding swiftly to the COVID-19 pandemic by the measures already taken to slow down the rate of infections, and to prepare our health facilities for the inevitable demand for beds and health services. But importantly, steps must also be taken urgently to ensure access to COVID-19 health products, both existing and prospective.
We write to you as academics, researchers and teachers from various disciplines who are gravely concerned about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our country and the world. In particular, we are concerned about our ability to provide the essential health products to meaningfully respond to this crisis – the personal protective equipment, diagnostic tests and reagents, ventilators, medicines and vaccines which will be required on a massive, unprecedented scale. More particularly, we are writing because of the urgency of completing the process of amending South Africa’s Patent Law to strengthen patentability criteria, to provide for substantive examination of patent applications, and to adopt lawful flexibilities under the WTO TRIPS Agreement to ensure access to medicines for all. That long-delayed imperative is even clearer now as we face high prices and limited supplies of vitally needed COVID-19 health products.
Our sense of urgency stems from the reality that many of the products required already are, or will soon be, protected by patents and other intellectual property, test data and trade secret protections, thereby making them unaffordable to our government for the treatment of all the people in our country. Such protections are the death knell of equitable access to health products.
Under our present patent system, there is no substantive examination of patent applications to ensure that they meet the rigorous criteria for the grant of a patent. This allows pharmaceutical companies to obtain unworthy initial patents and multiple patents on the same medicine thereafter by making small changes, even when such changes are obvious and lack inventiveness. This multiple-patenting strategy, commonly known as “patent evergreening”, results in extending patent monopolies beyond the 20 years required by the WTO trade and intellectual property rules, and blocks the early entry of generic competitors who can expand sources of supply and bring more affordable products to market. Countries like India and Argentina have already taken proactive steps in their legislation to counteract this problem.
Our current patent laws also compromise the security of medicines supply in the country. If patent holders are unable or unwilling to deliver adequate supplies - as we have witnessed recently with the bans on exports of diagnostics by certain countries - we should be able to increase supply through the use of generic products registered in South Africa, which could increase availability and avoid stock outs. It would also enable local manufacturers to scale up the manufacture of the needed health products, thereby also advancing a key industrial policy objective.
Such abuses of patents have restricted, and continue to restrict, access to medicines for millions of our people suffering from TB, cancer, hepatitis and mental health conditions - and will most likely also threaten access to any future COVID-19 related technologies.
We have been there before. We witnessed first-hand how these laws and procedures for protecting patents blocked access to affordable versions of lifesaving antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) for the people needing them. After a lamentable period of delay, South Africa now has the world’s largest treatment programme with nearly 5 million people on ARVs, thanks to the availability of generic versions, which reduced the cost of treatment from over $10,000 per person per year to less than $.21 per person per day. We watched in desperation as countless lives were lost waiting for affordable prices. Our people should not have to go through that again.
It is precisely for these reasons that your Cabinet wisely approved the Intellectual Property Policy of the Republic of South Africa Phase 1 in May 2018. It is now two years since that decision, and we still do not have the relevant legislation before Parliament to ensure that government meets its constitutional obligations to deliver access to health care and the medicines necessary to defeat the current pandemic.
As academics, researchers and teachers at our universities, colleges and other institutions, we have actively participated in that policy-making process, providing comments and technical advice on successive earlier drafts of the policy. We are firmly convinced that the proposed amendments are compliant with international law and advance the right to access health care under our Constitution.
It is therefore imperative that the draft legislation is tabled, through the relevant Minister, as a matter of urgency, subjected to a short period of public comment, processed expeditiously through our legislature, and assented to by the President.
We are also in support of calls that the government take additional proactive, emergency measures to ensure affordable access to COVID-19 health products of assured quality as many countries, both developed and developing, have recently done. For example, the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC) could and should be encouraged to adopt a temporary moratorium on the issuance of any patents on COVID-19-related health products for the duration of the pandemic emergency. In addition, the government can and should adopt emergency measures allowing for an automatic or mandatory compulsory licence for public and/or all-sector use with respect to any COVID-19 medical product for which prices are too high or supplies are insufficient to meet our local needs. Such licences should not only address the right to work patents, but also the right to access and use trade secret and confidential business information, especially manufacturing know-how, and where necessary access to clinical trial and other data needed to facilitate registration of licensed medical products. The government could also assure sufficient productive capacity to supply non-predominant quantities of medical products produced under such licences, to neighbouring African countries. Finally, the government could also issue compulsory licences to enable the supply to African countries with insufficient manufacturing capacity, pursuant to Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement.
We once again call on you to demonstrate, as you continue to do, the decisiveness and leadership which the people of South Africa have come to expect of you.
Thank you.
Sincerely,
Signatories:
Professor Yousuf A Vawda, Senior Research Associate, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Brook K Baker, Northeastern University School of Law, USA; Honorary Research Fellow, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Caroline Ncube, DSI/NRF SARChI Research Chair in Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development, Department of Commercial Law, University of Cape Town.
Mr Andy Gray, Senior Lecturer, Division of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor F Suleman, Professor: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Mamphele Ramphele, MB ChB, PhD, Co-president of the Club of Rome; Member of the Academy of Sciences of South Africa.
Professor Leslie London, Head: Division of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town.
Professor Jerome A Singh, Head: Ethics and Law, CAPRISA, SA; Director, Ethical, Legal, Social Issues Advisory Services on Global Health Research and Development, SA; Adjunct Professor, Division of Clinical Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
Professor Malebakeng Forere, School of Law, University of the Witwatersrand, Associate Professor of Intellectual Property.
Associate Professor Tobias Schonwetter, Director: Intellectual Property Unit, Department of Commercial Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town.
Professor David McQuoid-Mason, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Helen Schneider, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Professor Lonias Ndlovu, Dean, School of Law, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
Professor M Iqbal Parker, Emeritus Professor of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Senior Research Scholar, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Distinguished Professor Catriona Macleod, SARChI Chair of Critical Studies in Sexualities and Reproduction, Rhodes University.
Dr Varsha Bangalee, Senior Lecturer, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Sheetal Soni, Deputy Academic Leader, Lecturer (Bioethics and Intellectual Property Law), University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Kaymarlin Govender, Director-HEARD Institute, College of Law and Management Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Mr Umesh Bawa, Clinical Psychologist/Director: International Relations, University of the Western Cape.
Dr Marietjie Botes, APACHE Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Health Law and Bioethics, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Associate Professor Wendy Burgers, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town.
Professor Tanya Woker, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Flavia Senkubuge, Specialist: Public Health Medicine, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria.
Dr Beverley Townsend, Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Neo Morojele, Professor of Psychology, University of Johannesburg.
Associate Professor Rashid Ahmed, Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape.
Dr Arne von Delft, Epidemiologist, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town.
Dr Lee Swales, Senior Lecturer and Attorney, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Elelwani Ramugondo, Deputy Dean: Postgraduate Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Professor Hoosen Coovadia, Director: Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health Systems (MATCH); Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health; Emeritus Victor Daitz Professor of HIV/AIDs, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Ashraf Kagee, Professor of Psychology, Co-Director: Alan Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Stellenbosch University.
Professor Uta Lehmann, Director: School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Dr Catriona A Towriss, Senior Lecturer, Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town.
Ms Sandhiya Singh, Lecturer, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Mohamed F Jeebhay, Head of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Professor Klaus D Beiter, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, North-West University, Potchefstroom; Affiliated Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany.
Professor Lucy Gilson, Professor of Health Policy Systems, University of Cape Town.
Associate Professor Lucia Knight, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Associate Professor Liz Gwyther, Head of Palliative Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town.
Professor Diane Cooper, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Professor Keertan Dheda, Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Director: Lung Infection and Immunity Unit; Head: Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town.
Professor Keymanthrie Moodley, Director: Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, WHO Collaborating Centre in Bioethics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University.
Ms Nikki Schaay, Senior Researcher, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Professor Sharon Prince, Head: Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Dr Tom Ellman, Director MSF Southern Africa Medical Unit.
Dr Carla Tsampiras, Senior Lecturer in Medical and Health Humanities, University of Cape Town.
Associate Professor Mershen Pillay, Lecturer in Speech Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Mohamed Ishaaq Datay, Senior Lecturer Health Promotion and Specialist Physician, Primary Health Care Directorate, University of Cape Town.
Professor Theresa Lorenzo, PhD Programme Convenor: Division of Disability Studies, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Professor Lynette Denny, Chair Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital, CapeTown; Director: Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, SA Medical Research Council.
Professor Jennifer Moodley, Director: Cancer Research Initiative, University of Cape Town.
Associate Professor Shahieda Adams, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cape Town.
Professor Alex Welte, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University.
Professor Julian Kinderlerer, Past President, European Group on Ethics; Emeritus Professor of IP Law, IP Law and Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town; Former Professor of Biotechnology and Society, TU Delft; Visiting Professor, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Ms Lindiwe Maqutu, Lecturer, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Associate Professor Delva Shamley, Director: Clinical Research Centre; Head of Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Mr Jay Kruuse, Director, Public Service Accountability Monitor, School of Journalism and Media Studies, Rhodes University.
Ms Priya P Singh, Lecturer, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal; Attorney and Notary of the High Court of South Africa.
Ms Sarah Driver, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Rhodes University.
Ms Jacintha Toohey, Lecturer, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Hazel Bradley, Senior Lecturer in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape.
Professor Fons Coomans, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Visiting Professor, University of Cape Town.
Ms Megan Pentz-Kluyts, CANSA Dietician, Member of Research Operations and Research Committees, Cancer Association of South Africa.
Ms Michelle Pressend, Lecturer in Environmental Sociology, University of Cape Town.
Dr Jawaya Shea, Head: Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Professor Mpiko Ntsekhe, Mauerberger Chair of Cardiology, University of Cape Town.
Professor Collet Dandara, Professor of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town.
Associate Professor Shajila A Singh, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Associate Professor Lydia Cairncross, Head: Endocrine and Breast Surgical Unit, Division of General Surgery, University of Cape Town.
Dr Virginia Zweigenthal, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Dr Indira Govender, Clinical Research Fellow, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (based in Somkhele, KZN); Member, Rural Doctors Association of SA, Stop Stockouts Project.
Professor Adam Haupt, Deputy Dean of Staffing: Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town.
Dr Zenda Woodman, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Mr Bonginkosi Shozi, PhD Fellow: African Health Research Flagship, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Purshottama Sivanarain Reddy, Senior Professor, School of MIG – Discipline of Public Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Professor Alison V September, Head: division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town.
Dr Feroza Amien, Lecturer, Division of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
Professor Muazzam Jacobs, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; National Health Laboratory Services Medical Scientist.
Ms Tamanda Kamwendo, PhD Fellow: African Health Flagship, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Ms Michaela Rae Steytler, LLM Candidate, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Dr Kirsten Bobrow, Senior Atlantic Fellow and Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Cape Town and University of California, San Francisco.
Ms Chantelle Green-Thompson, final year LLB student, University of the Witwatersrand.
Image: UKZN Graphics Unit